Estimated time: 10 minutes

Our novel uses many words that are not used in today's vernacular. Let’s look at a few of them and learn the stories behind these old-fashioned terms. Sometimes a single word opens a window into how people lived, dressed, or even moved through their homes during Hoffmann’s time.

Periwig

A periwig was a formal wig worn mostly by men from the 1600s through the early 1800s. These wigs were often made of human hair, horsehair, or sometimes fine threads that gave a shiny effect. They became popular in Europe when King Louis XIV of France began wearing them, partly to hide thinning hair. Since everyone wanted to copy the king, the trend spread quickly.

By Hoffmann’s era, wigs were still common for judges, lawyers, and government officials in many countries. Wearing one signaled sophistication, wealth, or a professional position. Drosselmeier’s “spun glass” periwig would have looked delicate and decorative, almost like an artistic costume piece. It reminds us that he is both important and a little theatrical.

Vestibule

A vestibule is a small entry space between the outside door and the main rooms of a home. In older European houses, this space served a practical purpose. Cold winters meant doors let in blasts of chilly air, so the vestibule acted as a buffer to keep the rest of the house warmer. It also functioned as a place for coats, muddy shoes, or packages.

We don’t use the word very often today, but the idea is still common in many buildings. Modern homes might call it an entryway or foyer. In Stahlbaum’s home, the vestibule adds to the feeling of a well-ordered, middle-class German household where rooms had specific purposes, and children were expected to stay out of certain areas.

Parasols

A parasol is a light umbrella used for shade rather than rain. In many European cultures during the 1700s and 1800s, pale skin was seen as fashionable because it suggested that a woman did not work outdoors. Parasols were both stylish accessories and practical tools to protect from the sun.

They were often made from silk or lace stretched over thin ribs, and decorated with ribbons or painted patterns. Little girls carried smaller versions, which made them feel grown up. When Marie talks about her doll’s parasol, it connects the story to a moment in history when fashion and social expectations shaped even children’s toys.

Caprioles

Caprioles are quick, high leaps, often used to describe the movements of horses. The word comes from classical riding schools where horses were trained to jump with power and precision. These dramatic leaps were part of advanced cavalry training, especially in European military traditions. When Fritz tries out his caprioles, the author is comparing his excited jumps to the spirited movements of well-trained horses, which fits perfectly with his love of soldiers and cavalry.

Dolman

A dolman is a fitted, decorated military jacket that became especially well known through Hungarian hussars in the 18th and 19th centuries. These jackets were often covered with rows of braids, cords, and buttons, which showed rank and added flair. The bright colors and elaborate details made the uniform instantly recognizable. When Nutcracker appears in his shiny violet dolman, he looks like a tiny version of a hussar officer, which helps explain why Fritz is drawn to him and why Marie finds him so impressive.

Scaramouches

A Scaramouch is a character from Italian comedic theater known for being silly, mischievous, and dramatic. Performers wore bright costumes and exaggerated masks. Over time, toy makers used the name for playful puppets and dolls that looked lively and a little foolish. When the Scaramouches in Marie’s cabinet come to life, the story is drawing on this long tradition of humorous, theatrical characters.

Cantonments

Cantonments are temporary quarters or camps where soldiers stay when they are not actively fighting. In the 1800s, armies often set up cantonments near towns as they prepared for travel or battle. Fritz uses the word for his toy soldiers to imitate real military life. It shows how seriously he takes his play and how closely children observed the adult world around them.

Zitherist

A Zitherist is a person who plays the zither, a stringed instrument popular in many parts of central Europe. The instrument is played by plucking or strumming the strings, creating a clear and gentle sound. Small toy zitherists were common in the 1800s because they reflected real musicians people heard at local gatherings and festivals.

En carré plaine

En carré plaine is a French military term that describes a formation where troops arrange themselves in a solid square. This formation was common during the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially when soldiers needed to defend themselves from cavalry attacks. A square allowed each side to protect the others, creating a strong defensive block.

Cavalierist

A cavalierist is a member of the cavalry, meaning a soldier who fights on horseback. Cavalry units were fast and powerful, used for charges, scouting, and breaking enemy lines.

Tirailleurs

Tirailleurs were light infantry soldiers known for moving quickly, spreading out, and firing from a distance. They didn’t stay in tight formations like traditional infantry. Many European armies used tirailleurs during Hoffmann’s time.

Chasseurs

Chasseurs were another kind of light infantry or light cavalry, depending on the regiment. The word means “hunters” in French. These soldiers were trained to move quietly, respond quickly, and carry out surprise attacks. 

Comrades-in-arms

Comrades-in-arms refers to soldiers who fight side by side, sharing danger and responsibility. It implies a bond of loyalty, trust, and shared purpose.

Have you heard of any of these words before?